Diseases and conditions Cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a class of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. They include a wide range of conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and valve diseases. These conditions can be caused by various factors including genetics, lifestyle choices, and underlying health conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of cardiovascular disease and occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to chest pain or discomfort (angina), heart attack, or even sudden cardiac arrest.

Heart failure is another common cardiovascular disease, which occurs when the heart can no longer pump blood effectively. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs.

Arrhythmias are a group of conditions that affect the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. They can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly, and may lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, or fainting.

Valve diseases are conditions that affect the valves in the heart, which control the flow of blood. These conditions can include valve stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), and may require surgery to repair or replace the affected valve.

Other cardiovascular diseases include peripheral artery disease, aortic aneurysm, and pulmonary embolism. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease.